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Minerals
kcal/gram: 0
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent of the definition is to describe ions, not chemical compounds or actual minerals. Some dietitians recommend that these heavier elements should be supplied by ingesting specific foods (that are enriched in the element(s) of interest), compounds, and sometimes including even minerals, such as calcium carbonate. Sometimes these "minerals" come from natural sources such as ground oyster shells. Sometimes minerals are added to the diet separately from food, such as mineral supplements, the most famous being iodine in "iodized salt."
Macrominerals
A variety of elements are required to support the biochemical processes, many play a role as electrolytes or in a structural role.[2] In Human nutrition, the dietary bulk "mineral elements" (RDA > 200 mg/day) are in alphabetical order (parenthetical comments on folk medicine perspective):
* Calcium (for muscle and digestive system health, builds bone, neutralizes acidity, clears toxins, helps blood stream)
* Chloride
* Magnesium required for processing ATP and related reactions (health, builds bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)
* Phosphorus required component of bones (see apatite) and energy processing and many other functions (bone mineralization)[3]
* Potassium required electrolyte (heart and nerves health)
* Sodium electrolyte
* Sulfur for three essential amino acids and many proteins and cofactors (skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas health)
Trace minerals
A variety of elements are required in trace amounts, unusually because they play a role in catalysis in enzymes.[4] Some trace mineral elements (RDA < 200 mg/day) are (alphabetical order):
* Cobalt required for biosynthesis of vitamin B12 family of coenzymes
* Copper required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase
* Fluorine for tooth enamel which contains fluoroapatite (see Water fluoridation controversy)
* Iodine required for the biosynthesis of thyroxin
* Iron required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin
* Manganese (processing of oxygen)
* Molybdenum required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases
* Nickel present in urease
* Selenium reqiured for peroxidase (antioxidant proteins)
* Vanadium (There is no established RDA for vanadium. No specific biochemical function has been identified for it in humans, although vanadium is found in lower organisms.)
* Zinc required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase. Zinc is pervasive.
Iodine is required in larger quantities than the other trace minerals in this list and is sometimes classified with the bulk minerals. Sodium is not generally found in dietary supplements, despite being needed in large quantities, because the ion is very common in food.
kcal/gram: 0
Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules. The term "mineral" is archaic, since the intent of the definition is to describe ions, not chemical compounds or actual minerals. Some dietitians recommend that these heavier elements should be supplied by ingesting specific foods (that are enriched in the element(s) of interest), compounds, and sometimes including even minerals, such as calcium carbonate. Sometimes these "minerals" come from natural sources such as ground oyster shells. Sometimes minerals are added to the diet separately from food, such as mineral supplements, the most famous being iodine in "iodized salt."
Macrominerals
A variety of elements are required to support the biochemical processes, many play a role as electrolytes or in a structural role.[2] In Human nutrition, the dietary bulk "mineral elements" (RDA > 200 mg/day) are in alphabetical order (parenthetical comments on folk medicine perspective):
* Calcium (for muscle and digestive system health, builds bone, neutralizes acidity, clears toxins, helps blood stream)
* Chloride
* Magnesium required for processing ATP and related reactions (health, builds bone, causes strong peristalsis, increases flexibility, increases alkalinity)
* Phosphorus required component of bones (see apatite) and energy processing and many other functions (bone mineralization)[3]
* Potassium required electrolyte (heart and nerves health)
* Sodium electrolyte
* Sulfur for three essential amino acids and many proteins and cofactors (skin, hair, nails, liver, and pancreas health)
Trace minerals
A variety of elements are required in trace amounts, unusually because they play a role in catalysis in enzymes.[4] Some trace mineral elements (RDA < 200 mg/day) are (alphabetical order):
* Cobalt required for biosynthesis of vitamin B12 family of coenzymes
* Copper required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase
* Fluorine for tooth enamel which contains fluoroapatite (see Water fluoridation controversy)
* Iodine required for the biosynthesis of thyroxin
* Iron required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin
* Manganese (processing of oxygen)
* Molybdenum required for xanthine oxidase and related oxidases
* Nickel present in urease
* Selenium reqiured for peroxidase (antioxidant proteins)
* Vanadium (There is no established RDA for vanadium. No specific biochemical function has been identified for it in humans, although vanadium is found in lower organisms.)
* Zinc required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase. Zinc is pervasive.
Iodine is required in larger quantities than the other trace minerals in this list and is sometimes classified with the bulk minerals. Sodium is not generally found in dietary supplements, despite being needed in large quantities, because the ion is very common in food.
